Publications

@article{Gadsby2025-jh,

title = {Ex vivo investigation of a smart endotracheal tube for identifying esophageal intubation},

author = {Brett Gadsby and Sergiy Korposh and Ricardo Correia and Chenyang He and Barrie R Hayes-Gill and Andrew M Norris and Jonathan G Hardman and David W Hewson and Stephen P Morgan},

doi = {10.1117/1.JBO.30.6.067003},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-06-01},

urldate = {2025-06-01},

journal = {J. Biomed. Opt.},

volume = {30},

number = {6},

pages = {067003},

abstract = {Significance: Unrecognized intubation of the esophagus instead of 

 the trachea results in rapid and severe consequences for the 

 patient. Utilizing the spectral properties of the tissues could 

 reduce incidents of these events. Aim: We aim to investigate the 

 design and implementation of a smart endotracheal tube (ETT) with 

 integrated optical fiber sensors to distinguish esophageal and 

 tracheal tissues. Approach: Computational methods are 

 investigated to characterize and classify nine pairs of ex vivo 

 porcine organs using spectral properties. Two classifiers [ K 

 -nearest neighbor and linear discriminant analysis (LDA)] are 

 investigated. Results: Of the tissues sampled, 100% are 

 correctly distinguished, with LDA being the preferred choice when 

 considering both performance and applicability. Conclusions: In 

 clinical practice, this approach offers a method for confirming 

 correct tracheal intubation using the spectral properties of the 

 tissues, performed in a single step with no other invasive 

 medical device than the ETT required to detect the spectral 

 measurements.},

keywords = {biosensor, endotracheal tube, Optical fiber sensor, spectral   reflectance, unrecognized esophageal intubation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wu2022-ko,

title = {Long period grating Mach-Zehnder interferometer based 

 immunosensor with temperature and bulk refractive index 

 compensation},

author = {Peizhou Wu and Liangliang Liu and Stephen P Morgan and Ricardo Correia and Serhiy Korposh},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-01},

journal = {Biosensors (Basel)},

volume = {12},

number = {12},

pages = {1099},

publisher = {MDPI AG},

abstract = {A long period grating Mach-Zehnder interferometer (LPGMZI) that 

 consists of two identical long period gratings (LPGs) in a 

 single fibre was developed to measure immunoglobulin M (IgM). 

 The measured spectrum has fringes due to the interference 

 between the core mode and cladding mode. This immunosensor 

 inherits the advantages of an LPG and has the potential to 

 compensate for unwanted signal changes due to bulk refractive 

 index (RI) and temperature fluctuations by analysing 

 interference fringes and their envelope. The external RI was 

 measured from 1.3384 to 1.3670 in two different cases: (i) only 

 the connecting section between the two LPGs is immersed or (ii) 

 the whole LPGMZI is immersed. The fringes shift with an external 

 RI in both scenarios, whereas the envelope stays still in case 

 (i) or shifts at the same rate as the fringes in case (ii). The 

 LPGMZI was also characterised at different temperatures between 

 25 °C and 30 °C by placing the whole LPGMZI in a water bath. The 

 fringes and envelope shift at the same rate with temperature. 

 The LPGMZI platform was then used to create an IgM immunosensor. 

 The connecting section between the two LPGs was functionalised 

 with anti-IgM and immersed into solutions with IgM 

 concentrations from 20 μg/mL to 320 μg/mL. The fringes 

 shift with IgM concentration and the envelope remains static. 

 The results from this work show that LPGMZI has the potential to 

 compensate for the temperature and bulk RI fluctuations and 

 perform as a portable biosensor platform.},

keywords = {biosensor, bulk refractive   index, IgM, long period grating, Mach-Zehnder interferometer},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}