Publications

@article{Gadsby2025-jh,

title = {Ex vivo investigation of a smart endotracheal tube for identifying esophageal intubation},

author = {Brett Gadsby and Sergiy Korposh and Ricardo Correia and Chenyang He and Barrie R Hayes-Gill and Andrew M Norris and Jonathan G Hardman and David W Hewson and Stephen P Morgan},

doi = {10.1117/1.JBO.30.6.067003},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-06-01},

urldate = {2025-06-01},

journal = {J. Biomed. Opt.},

volume = {30},

number = {6},

pages = {067003},

abstract = {Significance: Unrecognized intubation of the esophagus instead of 

 the trachea results in rapid and severe consequences for the 

 patient. Utilizing the spectral properties of the tissues could 

 reduce incidents of these events. Aim: We aim to investigate the 

 design and implementation of a smart endotracheal tube (ETT) with 

 integrated optical fiber sensors to distinguish esophageal and 

 tracheal tissues. Approach: Computational methods are 

 investigated to characterize and classify nine pairs of ex vivo 

 porcine organs using spectral properties. Two classifiers [ K 

 -nearest neighbor and linear discriminant analysis (LDA)] are 

 investigated. Results: Of the tissues sampled, 100% are 

 correctly distinguished, with LDA being the preferred choice when 

 considering both performance and applicability. Conclusions: In 

 clinical practice, this approach offers a method for confirming 

 correct tracheal intubation using the spectral properties of the 

 tissues, performed in a single step with no other invasive 

 medical device than the ETT required to detect the spectral 

 measurements.},

keywords = {biosensor, endotracheal tube, Optical fiber sensor, spectral   reflectance, unrecognized esophageal intubation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}